NASA Global Precipitation Measurement Mission

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Hurricane Ian became one of the strongest hurricanes on record to strike Florida when it made landfall Wednesday, Sept. 28th, 2022, around 3:10 pm (EDT) as a Category 4 storm near Cayo Costa, FL, about 20 miles west-southwest of Punta Gorda on Florida’s southwest coast.  This same area was hit hard by Hurricane Charley in 2004, which also made landfall as a strong Category 4 storm.  Both storms passed over and were intensified by the deep, warm waters of the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.

Ian originated from a tropical easterly wave that propagated westward off the coast of Africa across the tropical Atlantic and entered the eastern Caribbean on the evening of Sept. 21.  Two days later, on the morning of Sept. 23, this wave had organized enough to become a tropical depression before strengthening into Tropical Storm Ian later that same evening.  

Download this video in high resolution from the NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio

With its array of active and passive sensors, the NASA / JAXA GPM Core Observatory satellite is ideal for monitoring and studying tropical cyclones, including hurricanes. The above animation follows Ian as it moved out of the central Caribbean and into the northwestern Caribbean in the direction of western Cuba.  The first part of the animation shows a time loop of surface rainfall estimates beginning at 2:57pm EDT (18:57 UTC) on Sept. 25 from NASA’s IMERG precipitation product.  These surface rainfall estimates are useful for showing not only the track but also the time evolution of tropical cyclones.  At the start of the loop, IMERG shows some banding with generally weak curvature and a mixture of light to moderate to heavy rain rates scattered across Ian’s circulation.  By the end of the IMERG loop at 3:34 pm EDT (19:34 UTC) on Sept. 26, more distinct rainbands wrap completely around the storm’s center, exhibiting strong curvature and containing coherent areas of heavy rain (red areas), which is indicative of a much larger and stronger cyclonic circulation.  At the start of IMERG loop, Ian was a moderate tropical storm with maximum sustained winds reported at 50 mph by the National Hurricane Center (NHC).  By the end of the loop, Ian was a Category 1 hurricane with maximum sustained winds reported at 85 mph and on its way to becoming a Category 2 hurricane just a short time later.

The second part of the animation shows a detailed look into the structure and intensity of the precipitation within Ian from the GPM Core Observatory after it flew over the center of Ian around 3:22 pm EDT (19:22 UTC) on Sept. 26 when the storm was just south of Cuba.  Surface rainfall estimates from the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) show heavy rainbands (in red) wrapping completely around the storm with intense rain rates (shown in magenta) wrapping around the western side of the center.  GPM’s Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) actively scanned the storm to provide a 3D perspective of its precipitation.  Areas shaded in blue show frozen precipitation aloft, mainly in the form of snow but also graupel (rimed snow particles) and frozen drops, which are both present in the cores of active thunderstorms.  The structure and height of these particles can suggest future trends in the storm’s intensity.  The DPR shows deep towers that are producing intense rain within the western and southern parts eyewall.  These features suggest strong thunderstorms are actively releasing heat into Ian’s core circulation and priming the storm for possible further intensification.  At the time of the GPM overpass, Ian moving was to the north-northwest around the western edge of a midlevel ridge in the direction of Cuba with maximum sustained winds reported at 85 mph by NHC.  However, less than 2 hours later at 2100 UTC (5:00 pm EDT) Ian’s sustained winds were up to 100 mph, making it a Category 2 hurricane.  Ian continued to strengthen and made landfall early the next morning at 4:30 am (EDT) on the 27th as a Category 3 storm with sustained winds reported at 125 mph by NHC near the town of La Coloma in western Cuba.  Ian weakened slightly after crossing over Cuba before re-intensifying over the southeast Gulf of Mexico and striking southwest Florida. 

Visualization by Alex Kekesi (GST / NASA GSFC) and the NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio Text by Steve Lang (SSAI / NASA GSFC)